Transformer/Transformator FOR SELL

Transformer (Transformator)

Cubicle

Unindo

Specification of Transformer (Transformator)
(Ex.ALFA Denpasar Bali)
Trafo:
Merk	: Unindo AREVA -JKT (Standar IEC)
Transformator	: 3 Phasa	50 Hz
No	: 64191
Dibuat Tahun	: 1996
Daya Nominal ( KVA)	: 630	630
Hubungan	D	YNS
	1. 21.000
	2. 20.500
Tegangan Nominal (Volt)	3. 20.000	400
	4. 19.500
	5. 19.000
Arus Nominal (Ampere)	18,2	909,3
Tegangan Hubungan Singkat	4%
Pendingin Dengan Minyak	: ESSO 80
Kenaikan Suhu	: Minyak	60
	Kumparan	65
Tingkat Isolasi Dasar	: 125 KV
Jumlah Berat	: 370 Kg
Buatan	: Indonesia
Cubicle ( Incoming ):
Merk	: Unindo AREVA -JKT
No. Sesi	: 7149
No. SPPB	: 9682811
Produksi Tahun	: 1996
Fluokit M24 Incoming With LBS
Jenis	: 1S/ C10	Tegangan V	: 24 KV
Standar IEC	: 298	Arus In	: 400 A
IP	: 30 S	Arus Rel	: 400 A
Tingkat Isolasi Dasar		UH 125 KVP
Ketahanan Arus Hubung Singkat		lth 1 Sec 12,5 A
Arus Pemutusan		ISC 400 A
Cubible ( Outgoing ):
Merk	: Unindo AREVA -JKT
No. Sesi	: 1311
No. SPPB	: 9682811
Fluokit Transformer Protection
Jenis	: PFA/ C12	Tengangan V	: 24 KV
Standar IEC	: 298	Arus In	: Rating Fuse A
IP	: 305	Arus Rel	: 400 A
Tingkat Isolasi Dasar		UH 125 KVP
Ketahanan Arus Hubung Singkat		lth 1 sec 12,5 KA
Arus Pemutusan		ISC Rating Fuse A

For further information regarding the TRANSFORMER (TRANSFORMATOR) including the CUBICLES, please contact us

Three-phase electric power (Transformer)

Three-phase electric power is a common method of electric power transmission. It is a type of polyphase system mainly used to power motors and many other devices. A three-phase system uses less conductor material to transmit electric power than equivalent single-phase, two-phase, or direct-current systems at the same voltage.

In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors carry three alternating currents (of the same frequency) which reach their instantaneous peak values at different times. Taking one conductor as the reference, the other two currents are delayed in time by one-third and two-thirds of one cycle of the electrical current. This delay between "phases" has the effect of giving constant power transfer over each cycle of the current, and also makes it possible to produce a rotating magnetic field in an electric motor.

Three phase systems may or may not have a neutral wire. A neutral wire allows the three phase system to use a higher voltage while still supporting lower voltage single phase appliances. In high voltage distribution situations it is common not to have a neutral wire as the loads can simply be connected between phases (phase-phase connection).

Three phase has properties that make it very desirable in electric power systems. First, the phase currents tend to cancel out one another, summing to zero in the case of a linear balanced load. This makes it possible to eliminate the neutral conductor on some lines; all the phase conductors carry the same current and so can be the same size, for a balanced load. Second, power transfer into a linear balanced load is constant, which helps to reduce generator and motor vibrations. Finally, three-phase systems can produce a magnetic field that rotates in a specified direction, which simplifies the design of electric motors. Three is the lowest phase order to exhibit all of these properties.

Most domestic loads are single phase. Generally three phase power either does not enter domestic houses at all, or where it does, it is split out at the main distribution board.

The three phases are typically indicated by colors which vary by country. See the table for more information.

Generation and distribution

At the power station, an electrical generator converts mechanical power into a set of alternating electric currents, one from each electromagnetic coil or winding of the generator. The currents are sinusoidal functions of time, all at the same frequency but offset in time to give different phases. In a three-phase system the phases are spaced equally, giving a phase separation of one-third cycle. The power frequency is typically 50 Hz in Europe, South America and Australia, and 60 Hz in the US and Canada (but see Mains power systems).

Generators output at a voltage that ranges from hundreds of volts to 30,000 volts. At the power station, transformers "step-up" this voltage to one more suitable for transmission.

After numerous further conversions in the transmission and distribution network the power is finally transformed to the standard mains voltage (i.e. the "household" voltage). The power may already have been split into single phase at this point or it may still be three phase. Where the stepdown is 3 phase, the output of this transformer is usually star connected with the standard mains voltage (120 V in North America and 230 V in Europe and Australia) being the phase-neutral voltage. Another system commonly seen in North America is to have a delta connected secondary with a centre tap on one of the windings supplying the ground and neutral. This allows for 240 V three phase as well as three different single phase voltages (120 V between two of the phases and the neutral, 208 V between the third phase (known as a high leg) and neutral and 240 V between any two phases) to be made available from the same supply.

Single-phase loads

Single-phase loads may be connected to a three-phase system, either by connecting across two live conductors (a phase-to-phase connection), or by connecting between a phase conductor and the system neutral, which is either connected to the center of the Y (star) secondary winding of the supply transformer, or is connected to the center of one winding of a delta transformer (Highleg Delta system) (see transformer and Split phase). Single-phase loads should be distributed evenly between the phases of the three-phase system for efficient use of the supply transformer and supply conductors.

The line-to-line voltage of a three-phase system is √3 times the line to neutral voltage. Where the line-to-neutral voltage is a standard utilization voltage, (for example in a 240 V/415 V system) individual single-phase utility customers or loads may each be connected to a different phase of the supply. Where the line-to-neutral voltage is not a common utilization voltage, for example in a 347/600 V system, single-phase loads must be supplied by individual step-down transformers. In multiple-unit residential buildings in North America, lighting and convenience outlets can be connected line-to-neutral to give the 120 V distribution voltage (115V utilization voltage), and high-power loads such as cooking equipment, space heating, water heaters, or air conditioning can be connected across two phases to give 208 V. This practice is common enough that 208 V single-phase equipment is readily available in North America. Attempts to use the more common 120/240 V equipment intended for three-wire single-phase distribution may result in poor performance since 240 V heating equipment will only produce 75% of its rating when operated at 208 V.

Where three phase at low voltage is otherwise in use, it may still be split out into single phase service cables through joints in the supply network or it may be delivered to a master distribution board (breaker panel) at the customer's premises. Connecting an electrical circuit from one phase to the neutral generally supplies the country's standard single phase voltage (120 VAC or 230 VAC) to the circuit.

The power transmission grid is organized so that each phase carries the same magnitude of current out of the major parts of the transmission system. The currents returning from the customers' premises to the last supply transformer all share the neutral wire, but the three-phase system ensures that the sum of the returning currents is approximately zero. The delta wiring of the primary side of that supply transformer means that no neutral is needed in the high voltage side of the network.

If the supply neutral of a three-phase system with line-to-neutral connected loads is broken, generally the voltage balance on the loads will no longer be maintained. Lightly-loaded phases may see up to sqrt(3) as much voltage as rated, causing overheating and failure of many types of loads. For example, if several houses are connected to a common transformer on a street, each house might be connected to one of the three phases. If the neutral connection is broken at the transformer, all equipment in a house might be damaged due to over voltage. Such events are hard to track down if one does not realize this possibility. With inductive and/or capacitive loads, all phases can suffer damage, especially with the possibility of resonances. Conservative distribution design will take this problem into account to ensure the neutral connections are as reliable as any of the phase connections.

Three-phase loads

The most important class of three-phase load is the electric motor. A three phase induction motor has a simple design, inherently high starting torque, and high efficiency. Such motors are applied in industry for pumps, fans, blowers, compressors, conveyor drives, and many other kinds of motor-driven equipment. A three-phase motor will be more compact and less costly than a single-phase motor of the same voltage class and rating; and single-phase AC motors above 10 HP (7.5 kW) are uncommon. Three phase motors will also vibrate less and hence last longer than single phase motor of the same power used under the same conditions.

Large air conditioning, etc. equipment use three-phase motors for reasons of efficiency, economy and longevity.

Resistance heating loads such as electric boilers or space heating may be connected to three-phase systems. Electric lighting may also be similarly connected. These types of loads do not require the revolving magnetic field characteristic of three-phase motors but take advantage of the higher voltage and power level usually associated with three-phase distribution. Fluorescent lighting systems also benefit from reduced flicker if adjacent fixtures are powered from different phases.

Large rectifier systems may have three-phase inputs; the resulting DC current is easier to filter (smooth) than the output of a single-phase rectifier. Such rectifiers may be used for battery charging, electrolysis processes such as aluminum production, or for operation of DC motors.

An interesting example of a three-phase load is the electric arc furnace used in steelmaking and in refining of ores.

In much of Europe stoves are designed for a three phase feed. Usually the individual heating units are connected between phase and neutral to allow for connection to a single phase supply. In many areas of Europe, single phase power is the only source available.

Phase converters

Occasionally the advantages of three-phase motors make it worthwhile to convert single-phase power to three phase. Small customers, such as residential or farm properties may not have access to a three-phase supply, or may not want to pay for the extra cost of a three-phase service, but may still wish to use three-phase equipment. Such converters may also allow the frequency to be varied allowing speed control. Some locomotives are moving to multi-phase motors driven by such systems even though the incoming supply to a locomotive is nearly always either DC or single phase AC.

Because single-phase power is interrupted at each moment that the voltage crosses zero but three-phase delivers power continuously, any such converter must have a way to store energy for the necessary fraction of a second.

One method for using three-phase equipment on a single-phase supply is with a rotary phase converter, essentially a single phase motor and a three-phase alternator (usually built on one physical shaft) with special starting arrangements and power factor correction that produces balanced three-phase power. When properly designed these rotary converters can allow satisfactory operation of three-phase equipment such as machine tools on a single phase supply. In such a device, the energy storage is performed by the mechanical inertia (flywheel effect) of the rotating components. An external flywheel is sometimes found on one or both ends of the shaft.

A second method that was popular in the 1940s and 50s was a method that was called the transformer method. In that time period capacitors were more expensive relative to transformers. So an autotransformer was used to apply more power through fewer capacitors. This method performs well and does have supporters, even today. The usage of the name transformer method separated it from another common method, the static converter, as both methods have no moving parts, which separates them from the rotary converters.

Another method often attempted is with a device referred to as a static phase converter. This method of running three phase equipment is commonly attempted with motor loads though it only supplies ⅔ power and can cause the motor loads to run hot and in some cases overheat. This method will not work when any circuitry is involved such as CNC devices, or in induction and rectifier type loads.

Some devices are made which create an imitation three-phase from three-wire single phase supplies. This is done by creating a third "subphase" between the two live conductors, resulting in a phase separation of 180° − 90° = 90°. Many three-phase devices will run on this configuration, but at lower efficiency.

Variable-frequency drives (also known as solid-state inverters) are used to provide precise speed and torque control of three phase motors. Some models can be powered by a single phase supply. VFDs work by converting the supply voltage to DC and then converting the DC to a suitable three phase source for the motor.

Alternatives to three-phase

• Three-wire single-phase distribution is useful when high voltage three phase is not available, and allows double the normal utilization voltage to be supplied for high-power loads.

• Two phase power, like three phase, gives constant power transfer to a linear load. For loads which connect each phase to neutral, assuming the load is the same power draw, the two wire system has a neutral current which is greater than neutral current in a three phase system. Also motors aren't entirely linear, which means that despite the theory, motors running on three phase tend to run smoother than those on two phase. The generators at Niagara Falls installed in 1895 were the largest generators in the world at the time and were two-phase machines. True two-phase power distribution is essentially obsolete. Special purpose systems may use a two-phase system for control. Two-phase power may be obtained from a three-phase system using an arrangement of transformers called a Scott-T transformer.

• Monocyclic power was a name for an asymmetrical modified two-phase power system used by General Electric around 1897 (championed by Charles Proteus Steinmetz and Elihu Thomson; this usage was reportedly undertaken to avoid patent legalities). In this system, a generator was wound with a full-voltage single phase winding intended for lighting loads, and with a small (usually ¼ of the line voltage) winding which produced a voltage in quadrature with the main windings. The intention was to use this "power wire" additional winding to provide starting torque for induction motors, with the main winding providing power for lighting loads. After the expiration of the Westinghouse patents on symmetrical two-phase and three-phase power distribution systems, the monocyclic system fell out of use.

• 
  
High phase order systems for power transmission have been built and tested. Such transmission lines use 6 or 12 phases and design practices characteristic of extra-high voltage transmission lines. High-phase order transmission lines may allow transfer of more power through a given transmission line right-of-way without the expense of a HVDC converter at each end of the line.

Transformer (Transformator)

A transformer (transformator) is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled wires. A changing current in the first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the secondary). By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other. The secondary induced voltage VS is scaled from the primary VP by a factor ideally equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings:

By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating voltage to be stepped up — by making N_S more than N_P — or stepped down, by making it less.

A key application of transformers is to reduce the current before transmitting electrical energy over long distances through wires. Most wires have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate proportional to the square of the current through the wire. By transforming electrical power to a high-voltage, and therefore low-current form for transmission and back again afterwards, transformers enable the economic transmission of power over long distances. Consequently, transformers have shaped the electricity supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely from points of demand. All but a fraction of the world's electrical power has passed through a series of transformers by the time it reaches the consumer.

Transformers are some of the most efficient electrical 'machines', with some large units able to transfer 99.75% of their input power to their output.Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tonnes used to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, though a variety of designs exist to perform specialized roles throughout home and industry.

Energy losses

An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would therefore be 100% efficient. Despite the transformer being amongst the most efficient of electrical machines, with experimental models using superconducting windings achieving efficiencies of 99.85%, energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution usually perform better than 95%. A small transformer, such as a plug-in "power brick" used for low-power consumer electronics, may be no more than 85% efficient; although individual power loss is small, the aggregate losses from the very large number of such devices is coming under increased scrutiny.

Transformer losses are attributable to several causes and may be differentiated between those originating in the windings, sometimes termed copper loss, and those arising from the magnetic circuit, sometimes termed iron loss. The losses vary with load current, and may furthermore be expressed as "no-load" or "full-load" loss, respectively. Winding resistance dominates load losses, whereas hysteresis and eddy currents losses contribute to over 99% of the no-load loss. The no-load loss can be significant, meaning that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on an electrical supply, and lending impetus to development of low-loss transformers

An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would therefore be 100% efficient. Despite the transformer being amongst the most efficient of electrical machines, with experimental models using superconducting windings achieving efficiencies of 99.85%, energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution usually perform better than 95%. A small transformer, such as a plug-in "power brick" used for low-power consumer electronics, may be no more than 85% efficient; although individual power loss is small, the aggregate losses from the very large number of such devices is coming under increased scrutiny.

Transformer losses are attributable to several causes and may be differentiated between those originating in the windings, sometimes termed copper loss, and those arising from the magnetic circuit, sometimes termed iron loss. The losses vary with load current, and may furthermore be expressed as "no-load" or "full-load" loss, respectively. Winding resistance dominates load losses, whereas hysteresis and eddy currents losses contribute to over 99% of the no-load loss. The no-load loss can be significant, meaning that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on an electrical supply, and lending impetus to development of low-loss transformers (also see energy efficient transformer)

Losses in the transformer arise from:

Winding resistance

Current flowing through the windings causes resistive heating of the conductors. At higher frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect create additional winding resistance and losses.

Hysteresis losses

Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to the frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected.

Eddy currents

Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors, and a solid core made from such a material also constitutes a single short-circuited turn throughout its entire length. Eddy currents therefore circulate within the core in a plane normal to the flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core material. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and inverse square of the material thickness.

Magnetostriction

Magnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material, such as the core, causes it to physically expand and contract slightly with each cycle of the magnetic field, an effect known as magnetostriction. This produces the buzzing sound commonly associated with transformers, and in turn causes losses due to frictional heating in susceptible cores.

Mechanical losses

In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating electromagnetic forces between the primary and secondary windings. These incite vibrations within nearby metalwork, adding to the buzzing noise, and consuming a small amount of power.

Stray losses

Leakage inductance is by itself lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformer's support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat.

Types

A variety of specialised transformer designs has been created to fulfil certain engineering applications, though they share several commonalities. Several of the more important transformer types include:

Autotransformer

An autotransformer has only a single winding with two end terminals, plus a third at an intermediate tap point. The primary voltage is applied across two of the terminals, and the secondary voltage taken from one of these and the third terminal. The primary and secondary circuits therefore have a number of windings turns in common. Since the volts-per-turn is the same in both windings, each develops a voltage in proportion to its number of turns. By exposing part of the winding coils and making the secondary connection through a sliding brush, an autotransformer with a near-continuously variable turns ratio is obtained, allowing for very fine control of voltage.

Polyphase transformers

For more details on this topic, see Three-phase electric power.

For three-phase supplies, a bank of three individual single-phase transformers can be used, or all three phases can be incorporated as a single three-phase transformer. In this case, the magnetic circuits are connected together, the core thus containing a three-phase flow of flux. A number of winding configurations are possible, giving rise to different attributes and phase shifts. One particular polyphase configuration is the zigzag transformer, used for grounding and in the suppression of harmonic currents.

Resonant transformers

A resonant transformer uses the inductance of its windings in combination with external capacitors connected in series or parallel with the windings, and/or the capacitance of the windings themselves, to create one or more resonant circuits. For example, it may use the inductance of the primary winding in series with a capacitor. Resonance can aid in achieving a very high voltage across the secondary. Resonant transformers such as the Tesla coil can generate very high voltages, and are able to provide much higher current than electrostatic high-voltage generation machines such as the Van de Graaff generator. Another application of the resonant transformer is to couple between stages of a superheterodyne receiver, where the selectivity of the receiver is provided by tuned transformers in the intermediate-frequency amplifiers.

Leakage transformers

A leakage transformer, also called a stray-field transformer, has a significantly higher leakage inductance than other transformers, sometimes increased by a magnetic bypass or shunt in its core between primary and secondary, which is sometimes adjustable with a set screw. This provides a transformer with an inherent current limitation due to the loose coupling between its primary and the secondary windings. The output and input currents are low enough to prevent thermal overload under all load conditions – even if the secondary is shorted.

Leakage transformers are used for arc welding and high voltage discharge lamps (cold cathode fluorescent lamps, which are series-connected up to 7.5 kV AC). It acts then both as a voltage transformer and as a magnetic ballast.

Other applications are short-circuit-proof extra-low voltage transformers for toys or doorbell installations.

Instrument transformers

A current transformer is a measurement device designed to provide a current in its secondary coil proportional to the current flowing in its primary. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relaying, where they facilitate the safe measurement of large currents. The current transformer isolates measurement and control circuitry from the high voltages typically present on the circuit being measured.

Voltage transformers (VTs) are used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have a precise voltage ratio to accurately step down high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can be operated at a lower potential.

Glass Lined/Steel Reactor FOR SELL

Glass steel/lined Reactor








GLASS LINED/STEEL REACTOR SPECIFICATION

NAT’L BD No.	: 3147
NAME OF MFR	: DE DIETRICH ZINSWILLER
INT. M.A.W.P	: 100/ F V
P.S.I.G. AT	: 500o F
WJKT. M.A.W.P	: 100
P.S.I.G. AT	: 500o F
RT 4 JKT. M.A.W.P	: 100
P.S.I.G. W. INT. F. V
MFR’S No	: 32418
YEAR BUILT	: 1982
INSPECTED BY	: RIC
Glass	: 3008
Nom. Cap	: 300 US Gal’s
TANK SH. THK	: 5/8 “
TOP. HD. THK	: 5/8 “
BOT. HD. THK	: 5/8 “
HD. ICR	: 39 3/8”
SKT. SH. THK	: 15/32”
JKT. HD. ICR	: 53 5/32”
MFG BY	: De Dietrich & Cie France
Town	: USA

Note:
For further information regarding the incinerator, please contact us

Specific Application Requirements

The wide scope of equipment available from various brand is also supported by an equally impressive scope of engineered systems expertise, enabling a reduction in the overall cost of capital equipment projects, and suitable to "fast track" projects. 

Our specialized and experienced engineering teams have the capability to design systems of equipment to meet specific application requirements based around one or more of our products. In addition, we can include externally-sourced equipment that we design, specify and purchase on your behalf. This ensures that all the equipment is seamlessly integrated to achieve project milestones and processing goals.

A system provides many benefits over separately purchased components, including :

• combination of the various competences inside De Dietrich group leading to unique solutions and specific designs to fulfil specific processes

• multi-purpose design with full consideration of cGMP constraints
  

• skid-design to allow off-site, pre-shipment testing and reduced installation time
  

• one single player assuming the responsability
  

Furthermore, by combining our unique and thorough knowledge of our own equipment with a variety of engineering expertise, we can tackle projects of any size, from small reaction systems to complete industrial units.

De Dietrich GLASS-LINED/STEEL REACTORS

The whole range of De Dietrich glass-lined equipment have been designed to fulfil the requirements of all the steps of chemical syntheses from laboratories and pilot units up to large production scale

Reactors

Many new chemical compounds are developed every year as processes continue to be stretched beyond previous limitations. These syntheses, which are fundamental to your core activities, require many types of reactors which can be closely monitored and controlled.





De Dietrich offers a broad range of reactors and accessories manufactured from glass-lined carbon steel, glass-lined stainless steel and stainless steel, as well as other material of construction.

De Dietrich can provide reactors to meet a wide variety of process chemistries, volume requirements (from laboratory scale and pilot plant sizes up to very large production units), incorporating local design and international code requirements.

All De Dietrich reactors have excellent resistance to corrosion, smooth non-stick properties and non-catalytic inertness. They can be designed for a high range of versatility in multiproduct applications, or specialized to optimize a specific processing requirement. Many standard sizes and designs are kept in stock for quick delivery.


Euro EZ



A lot of operations such as preparation of reactants, mixing, dissolution, distillation, reflux, atmospheric operating processes, may be considered as “easy” processes and do not require 6 bar and 200°C rated vessels. Always in the forefront in the field of glass-lined equipment, De Dietrich have been proud to introduce a new standard of reactors called EURO EZ, specially designed and dedicated to these easy processes.


The EURO EZ De Dietrich reactors are designed according two series, OT with a main cover for the small capacities, WB for the larger sizes, having the same calculation data as far as pressure (-1 to 3 bar internal ; 4 bar in the jacket) and temperature (-15
to 150 °C) are concerned.

Quality of materials (steel, enamel composition) and production procedures are exactly the same as for
the DIN range, which guarantees you a perfect use and life time of these equipment.

Taking into consideration the new calculation data allows us to reduce steel thickness and weight, the number of clamps and the sizing of agitation and drive assemblies. Standardization has been deeply applied to this range of products, which gives you at the end a reactor that fulfil perfectly the requirement of easy processes, in a total safety and reliability, for lower investment costs.

Incinerator (2) FOR SELL

Specification of the Incinerator:

Quantity: 1 Unit

Propertiies

• Panjang (Length) : 1370 mm
• Lebar (width) : 1950 mm
• Tinggi (height) : 3600mm
• PT : 5000 mm

Note:

For further information regarding the incinerator, please contact us

Incinerator (1) FOR SELL

Incinerator for sell, made by Indoporlen Sakti

We SELL incinerator (some people call it incenerator), pictured above.

Specification of the Incinerator:

Quantity: 1 Unit

Propertiies

Made by: Indo Porlen Sakti
Type : HLP-10
Kapasitas Ruang Bakar Utama: 1 M3
Kemampuan Operasi : 24 Jam
Jumlah Ruang Bakar : 3 Bagian dilengkapi dengan “Water Scrubber System “
Tinggi Chimney : 9.6 Meter
Konsumsi Bahan Bakar: 10-20 Ltr/ jam (Per Burner)
Bahan Bakar: Solar, Minyak Tanah atau Biodiesel
Accesoriess: 3 (Tiga) Unit Burner Kamine AP-1
1 Burner untuk Ruang Bakar Utama
1 Burner untuk Ruang Bakar ke-2
1 Burner untuk Ruang Bakar ke-3 (Asap dan Zat lain)
Accesorries lain: 1 Unit Blower
1 Unit Water Scrubber

Advantage (Keunggulan pemakain Incinerator):

Incinerator diatas bisa untuk membakar sampah basah, sampah kering serta limbah rumah sakit. Dengan kemampuan bakar sampai 800 C s/d 900 °C.
System Incenerator (Jika sudah terbakar cukup dengan mengoperasikan Blower untuk menjaga api tetap menyala dan jika sampah yang masih belum bisa terbakar sempurna baru dibantu dengan Burner) sehingga sampah yang dihasilkan benar-benar menjadi ABU (Ash).

Additon about Incinerator and incineration

As mentioned before (see Incinerator), one of the main advatage of incinerator usage:
Incineration of medical waste and sewage sludge produces an end product ash that is sterile and non-hazardous



Medical waste


Medical waste, also known as clinical waste, normally refers to waste products that cannot be considered general waste, produced from healthcare premises, such as hospitals.

Disposal of this waste is an environmental concern, as many medical wastes are classified as infectious or biohazardous and can lead to the spread of infectious disease. Examples of infectious waste include blood, potentially contaminated "sharps" such as needles and scalpels, and identifiable body parts. Infectious waste is often incinerated (by incinerator), and is usually sterilized if it is to be placed in a landfill. Additionally, medical premises produce a variety of waste hazardous chemicals, including radioactive materials. While such wastes are normally not infectious, they may be classified as hazardous wastes, and require proper disposal.

In Europe, wastes are defined by their European Waste Catalogue (EWC) Codes. EWC Codes are 6 digits long, with the first two digits defining the over-arching category of waste, the next two defining the sub-category, and the last two defining the precise waste stream. Clinical waste comes under the "18" codes, for example: "18 01 01" corresponds to healthcare waste, from humans, that is sharp and not infectious.

In the UK, clinical waste and the way it is to be handled is closely regulated. Applicable legislation includes the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Part II), Waste Management Licencing Regulations 1994, and the Hazardous Waste Regulations (England & Wales) 2005, as well as the Special Waste Regulations in Scotland.

INCINERATORS

SYSAV incineration plant in Malmö, Sweden capable of handling 25 tonnes per hour household waste. To the left of the stack, a new identical oven line is under construction (March 2007)

Incineration is a waste treatment technology that involves the combustion of organic materials and/or substances. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gases, particulates, and heat, which can in turn be used to generate electricity. The flue gases are cleaned for pollutants before they are dispersed in the atmosphere.

Spittelau incineration plant in Vienna

Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies such as gasification and anaerobic digestion. Incineration may also be implemented without energy and materials recovery.

In some countries, incinerators built just a few decades ago often did not include a materials separation to remove hazardous, bulky or recyclable materials before combustion. These facilities tended to risk the health of the plant workers and the local environment due to inadequate levels of gas cleaning and combustion process control. Most of these facilities did not generate electricity.

Incinerators reduce the volume of the original waste by 95-96 %, depending upon composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling. This means that while incineration does not completely replace landfilling, it reduces the necessary volume for disposal significantly.

Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment of certain waste types in niche areas such as clinical wastes and certain hazardous wastes where pathogens and toxins can be destroyed by high temperatures. Examples include chemical multi-product plants with diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater streams, which cannot be routed to a conventional wastewater treatment plant.

Waste combustion is particularly popular in countries such as Japan where land is a scarce resource। Denmark and Sweden have been leaders in using the energy generated from incineration for more than a century, in localised combined heat and power facilities supporting district heating schemes In 2005, waste incineration produced 4।8 % of the electricity consumption and 13.7 % of the total domestic heat consumption in Denmark.[4] A number of other European Countries rely heavily on incineration for handling municipal waste, in particular Luxemburg, The Netherlands, Germany and France.


Technology


Types of incinerators

An incinerator is a furnace for burning waste. Modern incinerators include pollution mitigation equipment such as flue gas cleaning. There are various types of incinerator plant design: moving grate, fixed grate, rotary-kiln, fluidised bed.


Moving grade

The typical incineration plant for municipal solid waste is a moving grate incinerator. The moving grate enables the movement of waste through the combustion chamber to be optimised to allow a more efficient and complete combustion. A single moving grate boiler can handle up to 35 tonnes of waste per hour, and can operate 8,000 hours per year with only one scheduled stop for inspection and maintenance of about one months duration. Moving grate incinerators are sometimes referred to as Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWIs).

The waste is introduced by a waste crane through the "throat" at one end of the grate, from where it moves down over the descending grate to the ash pit in the other end. Here the ash is removed through a water lock.

Part of the combustion air (primary combustion air) is supplied through the grate from below. This air flow also has the purpose of cooling the grate itself. Cooling is important for the mechanical strength of the grate, and many moving grates are also water cooled internally.

Secondary combustion air is supplied into the boiler at high speed through nozzles over the grate. It facilitates complete combustion of the flue gases by introducing turbulence for better mixing and by ensuring a surplus of oxygen. In multiple/stepped hearth incinerators, the secondary combustion air is introduced in a separate chamber downstream the primary combustion chamber.

According to the European Waste Incineration Directive, incineration plants must be designed to ensure that the flue gases reach a temperature of at least 850 °C for 2 seconds in order to ensure proper breakdown of organic toxins. In order to comply with this at all times, it is required to install backup auxiliary burners (often fueled by oil), which are fired into the boiler in case the heating value of the waste becomes too low to reach this temperature alone.

The flue gases are then cooled in the superheaters, where the heat is transferred to steam, heating the steam to typically 400 °C at a pressure of 40 bar for the electricity generation in the turbine. At this point, the flue gas has a temperature of around 200 °C, and is passed to the flue gas cleaning system.

At least in Scandinavia scheduled maintenance is always performed during summer, where the demand for district heating is low. Often incineration plants consist of several separate 'boiler lines' (boilers and flue gas treatment plants), so that waste receival can continue at one boiler line while the others are subject to revision.

Fixed grate

The older and simpler kind of incinerator was a brick-lined cell with a fixed metal grate over a lower ash pit, with one opening in the top or side for loading and another opening in the side for removing incombustible solids called clinkers. Many small incinerators formerly found in apartment houses have now been replaced by waste compactors.


Rotary-kiln

The rotary-kiln incinerator used by municipalities and by large industrial plants. This design of incinerators have 2 chambers a primary chamber and secondary chamber. The primary chamber in a rotary kiln incinerator consist of an inclined refractory lined cylindrical tube. Movement of the cylinder on its axis facilitates movement of waste. In the primary chamber, there is conversion of solid fraction to gases, through volatilization, destructive distillation and partial combustion reactions. The secondary chamber is necessary to complete gas phase combustion reactions

The clinkers spill out at the end of the cylinder. A tall flue gas stack, fan, or steam jet supplies the needed draft. Ash drops through the grate, but many particles are carried along with the hot gases. The particles and any combustible gases may be combusted in an "afterburner". A diagram of a rotary-kiln incinerator can be found here.


Fluidized bed

A strong airflow is forced through a sandbed. The air seeps through the sand until a point is reached where the sand particles separate to let the air through and mixing and churning occurs, thus a fluidised bed is created and fuel and waste can now be introduced.

The sand with the pre-treated waste and/or fuel is kept suspended on pumped air currents and takes on a fluid-like character. The bed is thereby violently mixed and agitated keeping small inert particles and air in a fluid-like state. This allows all of the mass of waste, fuel and sand to be fully circulated through the furnace.


Specialized incineration

Furniture factory sawdust incinerators need much attention as these have to handle resin powder and many flammable substances. Controlled combustion, burn back prevention systems are very essential as dust when suspended resembles the fire catch phenomenon of any liquid petroleum gas.


Use of heat

The heat produced by an incinerator can be used to generate steam which may then be used to drive a turbine in order to produce electricity. The typical amount of net energy that can be produced per ton municipal waste is about 0.67 MWh electricity of electricity and 2 MJ district heating. Thus, incinerating about 600 tonnes per day of waste will produce about 17 MW of electrical power and 1200 MJ district heating each day.


Pollution

Incineration has a number of outputs such as the ash and the emission to the atmosphere of flue gas. Before the flue gas cleaning system, the flue gases may contain significant amounts of particulate matter, heavy metals, dioxins, furans, sulphur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid.

In a study[8] from 1994, Delaware Solid Waste Authority found that incineration plants emitted fewer particles, hydrocarbons and less SO2, HCl, CO and NOx than coal-fired power plants, but more than natural gas fired power plants. According to Germany's Ministry of the Environment, waste incinerators reduce the amount of some atmospheric pollutants by substituting power produced by coal-fired plants with power from waste-fired plants.



Gaseous emissions


Dioxin and furans

The most publicized concerns from environmentalists about the incineration of municipal solid wastes (MSW) involve the fear that it produces significant amounts of dioxin and furan emissions.[10] Dioxins and furans are considered by many to be serious health hazards. Older generation incinerators that were not equipped with adequate gas cleaning technologies were indeed significant sources of dioxin emissions. Today, however, due to advances in emission control designs and stringent new governmental regulations, incinerators emit virtually no dioxins. In 2005, The Ministry of the Environment of Germany, where there were 66 incinerators at that time, estimated that "...whereas in 1990 one third of all dioxin emissions in Germany came from incineration plants, for the year 2000 the figure was less than 1 %. Chimneys and tiled stoves in private households alone discharge approximately twenty times more dioxin into the environment than incineration plants.". According to the U.S. EPA, incineration plants are no longer significant sources of dioxins and furans. In 1987, before the governmental regulations required the use of emission controls, there was a total of 10,000 grams of dioxin emissions from U.S. incinerators. Today, the total emissions from the 87 plants are only 10 grams, a reduction of 99.9 %. Backyard barrel burning of household and garden wastes, still allowed in some rural areas, generates 580 grams of dioxins yearly. Studies conducted by EPA demonstrate that the emissions from just one family using a burn barrel produces more emissions than an incineration plant disposing of 200 tonnes of waste per day.

Generally the breakdown of dioxin requires exposure of the molecule to a sufficiently high temperature so as to trigger thermal breakdown of the molecular bonds holding it together. When burning of plastics outdoors in a burn barrel or garbage pit such temperatures are not reached, causing high dioxin emissions as mentioned above. While the plastic does burn in an open-air fire, the dioxins remain after combustion and float off into the atmosphere.

Modern municipal incinerator designs include a high temperature zone, where the flue gas is ensured to sustain a temperature above 850 o for at least 2 seconds befores it is cooled down. They are equipped with auxiliary heaters to ensure this at all times. These are often fueled by oil, and normally only active for a very small fraction of the time. A side effect controlling dioxin is the potential for generation of reactive oxides (NOx) in the flue gas, which must be removed with SCR or SNCR (see below).

For very small municipal incinerators, the required temperature for thermal breakdown of dioxin may be reached using a high-temperature electrical heating element, plus an SCR stage.


CO2

As for other complete combustion processes, nearly all of the carbon content in the waste is emitted as CO2 to the atmosphere. MSW contain approximately the same mass fraction of carbon as CO2 itself (27%), so incineration of one tonne of MSW produce approximately 1 tonne of CO2.

Alternatively the waste could be landfilled. In the landfill, one tonne of MSW would produce approximately 62 m³ methane by anaerobic digestion of the biodegradable part of the waste. This amount of methane has more than twice the global warming potential than the one tonne of CO2, which would have been produced by incineration. In some countries, large amounts of this landfill gas is collected, but still the global warming potential of the lost landfill gas in the US in 1999 was approximately 32 % higher than the amount of CO2 that would have been emitted by incineration.

In addition, nearly all biodegradable waste has biological origin, and absorbed all of the emitted CO2 during growth.

Such considerations are the main reason why several countries administrate incineration of the biodegradable part of waste as renewable energy. The rest - mainly plastics and other oil and gas derived products - is generally treated as non-renewables.


Other emissions

Other gaseous toxins in the flue gas from incinerator furnaces include sulphur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, heavy metals and fine particles.

The steam content in the flue may produce visible fume from the stack, which can be perceived as a visual pollution. It may be avoided by decreasing the steam content by flue gas condensation, or by increasing the flue gas exit temperature well above its dew point. Flue gas condensation allows the latent heat of vaporization of the water to be recovered, subsequently increasing the thermal efficiency of the plant.


Flue gas cleaning

The quantity of pollutants in the flue gas from incineration plants is reduced by several processes.

Particulate is collected by particle filtration, most often electrostatic precipitators (ESP) and/or baghouse filters. The latter are generally very efficient for collecting fine particles. In an investigation by the Ministry of the Environment of Denmark in 2006, the average particulate emissions per energy content of incinerated waste from 16 Danish incinerators were below 2.02 g/GJ (grams per energy content of the incinerated waste). Detailed measurements of fine particles with sizes below 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) were performed on three of the incinerators: One incinerator equipped with an ESP for particle filtration emitted 5.3 g/GJ fine particles, while two incinerators equipped with baghouse filters emitted 0.002 and 0.013 g/GJ PM2.5.

Acid gas scrubbers are used to remove hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, mercury, lead and other heavy metals. Basic scrubbers remove sulfur dioxide, forming gypsum by reaction with lime.

Waste water from scrubbers must subsequently pass through a waste water treatment plant.

Sulfur dioxide may also be removed by dry desulfurisation by injection limestone slurry into the flue gas before the particle filtration.

NOx is either reduced by catalytic reduction with ammonia in a catalytic converter (selective catalytic reduction, SCR) or by a high temperature reaction with ammonia in the furnace (selective non-catalytic reduction, SNCR).

Heavy metals are often adsorbed on injected active carbon powder, which is collected by the particle filtration.


Solid outputs

Incineration produces fly ash and bottom ash just as is the case when coal is combusted. The total amount of ash produced by municipal solid waste incineration ranges from 4-10 % by volume and 15-20 % by weight of the original quantity of waste, and the fly ash amounts to about 10-20 % of the total ash[citation needed]. The fly ash, by far, constitutes more of a potential health hazard than does the bottom ash because the fly ash often contain high concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, copper and zinc as well as small amounts of dioxins and furans. The bottom ash seldom contain significant levels of heavy metals. While fly ash is always regarded as hazardous waste, bottom ash is generally considered safe for regular landfill after a certain level of testing defined by the local legislation. Ash, which is considered hazardous, may generally only be disposed of in landfills which are carefully designed to prevent pollutants in the ash from leaching into underground aquifers - or after chemical treatment to reduce its leaching characteristics. In testing over the past decade, no ash from an incineration plant in the USA has ever been determined to be a hazardous waste[citation needed]. At present although some historic samples tested by the incinerator operators' group would meet the being ecotoxic criteria at present the EA say "we have agreed" to regard incinerator bottom ash as "non-hazardous" until the testing programme is complete[citation needed].


Other pollution issues

Odour pollution can be a problem with old-style incinerators, but odours and dust are extremely well controlled in newer incineration plants. They receive and store the waste in an enclosed area with a negative pressure with the airflow being routed through the boiler which prevents unpleasant odours from escaping into the atmosphere. However, not all plants are implemented this way, resulting in inconveniences in the locality.

An issue that affects community relationships is the increased road traffic of waste collection vehicles to transport municipal waste to the incinerator. Due to this reason, most incinerators are located in industrial areas.


The debate over incineration

Use of incinerators for waste management is controversial. The debate over incinerators typically involves business interests (representing both waste generators and incinerator firms), government regulators, environmental activists and local citizens who must weigh the economic appeal of local industrial activity with their concerns over health and environmental risk.

People and organizations professionally involved in this issue include the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and a great many local and national air quality regulatory agencies worldwide.


The argument for incineration

• The concerns over the health effects of dioxin and furan emissions have been significantly lessened by advances in emission control designs and very stringent new governmental regulations that have resulted in large reductions in the amount of dioxins and furans emissions.
  

• Incineration plants generate electricity and heat that can substitute power plants powered by other fuels at the regional electric and district heating grid, and steam supply for industrial customers.
  

• The bottom ash residue remaining after combustion has been shown to be a non-hazardous solid waste that can be safely landfilled or possibly reused.
  

• In densely populated areas, finding space for additional landfills is becoming increasingly difficult[citation needed].
  

• Fine particles can be efficiently removed from the flue gases with baghouse filters. Even though approximately 40 % of the incinerated waste in Denmark was incinerated at plants with no baghouse filters measurements by the Danish Environmental Research Institute showed that incinerators were only responsible for approximately 0.3 % of the total domestic emissions of particulate smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) to the atmosphere in 2006.
  

• Incineration of municipal solid waste avoids the release of methane. Every ton of MSW incinerated, prevents about one ton of carbon dioxide equivalents from being released to the atmosphere.
  

• Incineration of medical waste and sewage sludge produces an end product ash that is sterile and non-hazardous
  

The argument against incineration

• The fly ash must be safely disposed of.
  

• There are still concerns by many about the health effects of dioxin and furan emissions into the atmosphere from old incinerators.
  

• Incinerators emit varying levels of heavy metals such as vanadium, manganese, chromium, nickel, arsenic,mercury, lead and cadmium, which can be toxic at very minute levels.
  

• Alternative technologies are available or in development such as Mechanical Biological Treatment, Anaerobic Digestion (MBT/AD), Autoclaving or Mechanical Heat Treatment (MHT) using steam or Plasma arc gasification PGP, or combinations.
  

• Building and operating an incinerator requires long contract periods to recover initial investment costs, causing a long term lock-in.
  

• Incinerators produce fine particles in the furnace. Even with modern particle filtering of the flue gases, a fraction of these are emitted to the atmosphere. As an example, the baghouse filters in an incineration plant planned for erection in the UK, are only specified to capture 65-70 % particulate smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5), if filtration in the filter cake is not accounted for. PM2.5 is not separately regulated in the European Waste Incineration Directive, even though they are suspected to be linked to infant mortality in the UK, and PM2.5 emissions from local incinerators to be a significant PM2.5 source here.
  

• Local communities are often unpleased with the idea of locating incinerators in their own vicinity. (The Not In My Back Yard phenomenon). Studies in Andover, Massachusetts linked 10 % property devaluations with close incinerator proximity.
  

• Prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of waste should all be preferred to incineration according to the waste hierarchy. Supporters of zero waste consider incinerators and other waste treatment technologies as barriers to recycling and separation beyond particular levels, and that waste resources are sacrificed for energy producion.
  

Trends in incinerator use

The history of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is linked intimately to the history of landfills and other waste treatment technology. The merits of incineration are inevitably judged in relation to the alternatives available. Since the 1970s, recycling and other prevention measures have changed the context for such judgements. Since the 1990s alternative waste treatment technologies have been maturing and becoming viable.

Incineration is a key process in the treatment of hazardous wastes and clinical wastes. It is often imperative that medical waste be subjected to the high temperatures of incineration to destroy pathogens and toxic contamination it contains.


Incineration in the United States

The first full-scale waste-to-energy facility in the US was the Arnold O. Chantland Resource Recovery Plant, built in 1975 located in Ames, Iowa. This plant is still in operation and produces refuse-derived fuel that is sent to local power plants for fuel. The first commercially-successful incineration plant in the U.S. was built in Saugus, Massachusetts in October 1975 by Wheelabrator Technologies, and is still in operation today.

Several older generation incinerators have been closed; of the 186 MSW incinerators in 1990, only 89 remained by 2007, and of the 6200 medical waste incinerators in 1988, only 115 remained in 2003. Between 1996 and 2007, no new incinerators were built. The main reasons for lack of activity have been:

• Economics. With the increase in the number of large inexpensive regional landfills and, up until recently, the relatively low price of electricity, incinerators were not able to compete for the 'fuel', i.e., waste. In Europe, with the ban on landfilling untreated waste, scores of incinerators have been built in the last decade, with more under construction. Recently, a number of municipal governments have begun the process of contracting for the construction and operation of incinerators. A number of Canadian cities are likewise working toward installation of incinerators.
  

• Tax Policies. Tax credits for plants producing electricity from waste were rescinded in the 1990s. In Europe, some of the electricity generated from waste is deemed to be from a 'Renewable Energy Source (RES)'. A new law granting tax credits for such plants was implemented in the U.S. in 2004.
  

Despite these problems, there has been renewed interest in waste-to-energy in the U.S. Canada & the UK. Projects to add capacity to existing plants are underway, and municipalities are once again evaluating the option of building incinerators rather than continue landfilling municipal wastes.


Incineration in the United Kingdom

The technology employed in the UK waste management industry has been greatly lagging behind that of Europe due to the wide availablility of landfills. The Landfill Directive set down by the European Union led to the Government of the United Kingdom imposing waste legislation including the landfill tax and Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme. This legislation is designed to reduce the release of greenhouse gases produced by landfills through the use of alternative methods of waste treatment. It is the UK Government's position that incineration will play an increasingly large role in the treatment of municipal waste and supply of energy in the UK.


Small incinerator units

Small scale incinerators exist for special purposes. For example, the small scale incinerators are aimed for hygienically safe destruction of medical waste in developing countries. Simple, mobile incinerators are becoming more widely used in developing countries where the threat of avian influenza is high[citation needed]. Small incinerators can be quickly deployed to remote areas where an outbreak has occurred to dispose of infected animals quickly and without the risk of cross contamination.

Autoclaves FOR SELL

Specification of the Autoclave

From : FRANCE
Quantity : 1

Properties

Brand : Stork
Made in : FRANCE
Year : 1990
Capacity : 14135 Litre
Pressure : 5 Bar
temperature : 158 °C
Serial Number : D.5.A LA Garde
Length : 6350 mm
Inner Diameter : 1550 mm
Outer Diameter : 2350 mm

TOTAL POWER INSTALLEE : 8,5 Kw
Pump: 11 Kw Ventilator : 11 Kw
Electric Control panel : 1 kw
Drive arrier : 5,5 kw

FLOW INSTANTANES Vapor : 3700 Kg/H
Air : 165 M³/H
CONSUMPTION BY CYCLE Vapor : 520 Kg
Air : 20 M³

WEIGHT
Autoclave has vice : 6700 kg
Hermetically-sealed in reepreuve : 17500 Kg
CHARGE ON GROUND MAXUMUM : 2,06 Kg/Cm²
CONSUMPTION Steam : 3700 Kg/H 500 Kg/Cycle
Cooling Toilets : 56 M³/H 8/9 M³/Cycl
Compr air : 165 M³/H 20 M³/cycle
Ice Toilets : 56 M³/H 10 M³/cycle
Pre Cooling : 5 M³/H 0,5 M³/cycle




Other equipments

LAGARDE® offers a range of other associated equipments :


Handling Accessories

• Rectangular baskets and stackable trays or drawers-style structures designed specifically for your packagings
  

• Trolleys
  

For sterilising retorts in MANUAL mode

• Lifting Tables manually operated
  

• Loading systems, either semi or fully automatic for the loading of baskets
  

• Unloading systems, either semi or fully automatic for the unloading of baskets
  

• Supervision
  

For sterilising “turnkey projects” with fully AUTOMATED retorts installations

• Conveyors and shuttles for the loading and unloading of the retorts and the handling of baskets
  

• Automatic loading systems
  

• Automatic unpacking systems
  

• Retort Supervision

LA GARDE Autoclaves

HOW (LA GARDE) AUTOCLAVES WORKS

Temperature come-up and holding time steps

The steam is directly injected to the retort chamber and in between the baskets.- A ventilation fan creates steam circulation to ensure a perfectly homogenous temperature throughout the retortchamber- Temperature regulation (steam injection) and pressure

(injection or venting of compressed-air) are automatically and independently controlled, according to the programme settings of ‘Tables of set values’.

Cooling step

• Condensation is eventually removed by the addition of mains potable water (pre-cooling step) and circulated by a pump. - This amount of water (at room temperature) is sprayed, without the risk of thermal shocks, on the products to cool.

• While circulating, the water in the process can be cooled, either with the direct addition of cold water or an intermediate heat exchange system.

• The addition of this water in the cooling system or in the secondary ‘side service’ of the exchanger is automatically controlled according to the programme settings.

• The integration of a heat exchanger in the cooling circuit, allows different qualities of water to be used. (Tower Cooling Water, well water, sea water, chilled water or glycol water) without the risk of its mixing with the “process” water, which is in contact with the packagings

• pressure is regulated with the same efficiency as for the come-up step and the temperature holding time during the process.

The schema above descrive how autoclave works.



ADVANTAGES


Economic use of energy : steam and consumptions optimised thanks to direct steam injection.

• No intermediate fluid necessary in order to heat up the product.

• Time to reach temperature come-up is very short

Temperature accuracy independent of the shape of the packaging (controlled forced ventilation)

• No risk of the spray nozzles becoming blocked during the come-up time. (CUT and sterilisation holding time)

Ideal process for pasteurised products. The absence of residual water in the bottom of the retort chamber stops micro bacteria from growing.

• Possibility of cooking procedure for unpackaged products, if the steam used is to a high enough quality for the food.